Bullying Victimization And Its Effects - 1446 Words

The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles that can affect the long-term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, Scheidt, 2003 ). Studies indicate that bullying victimization experiences often leave victims prone to defiant or delinquent behaviors, poor school performance, and anger or aggression problems (Nadel, Spellman., Alvarez-Canino, Lausell-Bryant, Landsberg;†¦show more content†¦Recognizing the complex variables, researchers have modified existing psychological inventory tools such as the Rutter scales and the Child Depression Inventory, to better measure and assess the long-term victim outcomes (Vaillancourt, Hymel, McDougall, 2003). One area of increasing concern among researchers is the inadequacy of the survey tools that may be impeding our understanding of the scope of the victimization, most prior research efforts have relied on survey based models that were either self-reported or provided by educators or parents, this may have diminished the sample quality and reduced the validity of the measurements (Hawker Boulton, 2000). Acknowledging that bullying victimizations extend across a wide spectrum of the population and is not merely limited to adolescent experiences; researchers are striving to explore a number of overlapping social environments, including the workplace and social media where these types of victimizations also occur. Bullying victimizations represent a large class of victims that deserve the attention and efforts of researchers to minimize the effects of past abuse and help prevent future or continual abuse. The next paragraph introduces three spec ific theories of victimology as they are applied to bullying victimizations. Since the

The Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay - 1752 Words

In this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals for society to work on in the future. When examining the traditional definition of slavery, it focuses on one human being taking ownership of another. Traditionally slaves were transported by lengthy sea voyages. However, with advancements in transportation human trafficking victims can be quickly and easily moved around the world (Kara 67). According to Robert Uy, â€Å"Trafficking, prostitution, and slavery have existed since the beginning of civilization and, while at times have been prohibited, have continued to exist† (215). Slaves can be exploited virtually forever with a form of slavery known as bonded labor, which has existed for centuries. Individuals involved in this type of slavery are often loaned money with the agreement to work of the debt; unfortunately, the pay is so low the debt is almost never repaid (Kara 67). Despite legislative efforts to pass effective anti-trafficking and anti-forced labor laws, the overwhelming focus has been on preventing sex trafficking. This coupledShow MoreRelatedThe Tr afficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1287 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking is the modernized version of slavery that involves force, fraud, and/or a type of labor in a sexual act. The United States government defines it to be â€Å"In which a sex act is forced in which the person induced has not yet been attained eighteen years of age† (National Institute of Justice). Human trafficking is a threat to all nations and promotes breakdown of families and can support organized crime. Trafficking can occur everywhere. Human trafficking and humanRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, itRead MoreThe Trafficking And Forms Of Human Trafficking Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages2.1.2 The concept of Human Trafficking and forms of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon hence difficult to conceptualize (Maclnnis, 2012). Scholars, nations and international organizations have individually or collectively tried to define human trafficking and, not surprisingly, they disagree with one another. United States (US) for instance does not consider organ trade as human trafficking whereas the United Nations (UN) and Canada do (United States Department of StateRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Sex Trafficking1264 Words   |  6 PagesA challenge that I took interest in is the horrifying problem that women and young girls face as victims of human trafficking and sex slavery. Women and young girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for exploitation. Human trafficking and sex slavery is a form of modern slavery, in which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. It is a multi-billion industry. Traffickers use control of others for the purpose of engaging in sexual activities and or forcing others to provideRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)

Economy Of Australia Considered Developed †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Economy Of Australia Is Considered As One Of The Developed? Answer: Introduction: The economy of Australia is considered as one of the developed and largest mixed economies in the world having a GDP of AUD $1.67 trillion for the year 2016. The total wealth of Australia is AUD $8.9 trillion for the year ended June 2016 (Taussig, 2013). In the year 2016, Australia was regarded as the 12th largest economy in terms of the nominal GDP and regarded as the 19th largest measured by the PPP adjusted GDP standing approximately around 1.0% of the world economy. Australia is considered as the 25th largest exporter and 20th largest importer. The economy of Australia is dominated by the service sector consisting of 73% of GDP. The mining sector on the other hand comprises of 7% of the GDP along with services to mining and attaining a height of mining boom in the year 2009-10. The total amount of value added of the mining industry stood 8.4% of the GDP (Frank et al., 2015). The economy of Australia is mainly reliant on the mining and agriculture sector, which is relative to the other developed countries as the products are exported to the eastern Asian market. In spite of the recent decline, the economy of Australia has been resilient and stable since July 1991. Production Output Performance Analysis: Real GDP: Real GDP is understood as the macroeconomic measure of the value of economic output adjusted for the changing prices. The adjustment transforms the monetary value measurement and the nominal GDP into the index for the quantity of total output (Sloman et al., 2013). The real GDP of Australia stood 1204.62 billion US dollars in 2016. The GDP value of Australia stood 1.94 percent of the world economy. The GDP of Australia averaged 4.1.44 USD Billion from 1960 until 2016 and reached an all time high of 1567.18 USD billion in the year 2013. Figure 1: Real GDP of Australia (Source: Tradingeconomics.com 2017) Real GDP Growth Rate: The Real GDP Growth Rate measures the economic growth concerning the gross domestic product (GDP) from one period of to another period adjusted for inflation (Bernanke et al., 2015). The Real GDP Growth Rate is expressed in the real opposed to the nominal terms. The economy of Australia rose by 0.3 percent in the month of March quarter 2017 in comparison to the 1.1 percent growth in the quarter of December 2016. Positive assistance was made from final domestic demand and alterations that were made in the inventory were unable to counterbalance the feeble net trade and dropped in dwelling investment (Georgellis et al., 2015). At present Australia has recorded 103 quarters with only two succesive quarters of depressing growth that is regarded as the longest extend of any urbanized nation. The GDP growth rate of Australia for the year ended 2016 stood around 0.86. Figure 2: Australia GDP Growth Rate (Source: Tradingeconomics.com 2017) Real GDP per capita Analysis: The gross domestic product per capita of Australia that was last recorded for the year 2016 stood 55670.90. On analysis, it is understood that the GDP per capita in Australia is equivalent to the 441 percent of the worlds average GDP (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). The GDP per capita in Australia averaged 35885.61 USD from 2000 to 2016 and attained an all time high of 55670.90 USD in 2016. Figure 3: GDP per Capita (Source: Tradingeconomics.com 2017) Performance trend of the economy: The Australias domestic gross domestic growth of 2.8 percent in 2015-16 and reported a lower rate of unemployment of 5.6 percent and the places the country in the good position for the future. Considering the performance trend the Australian economy has continued to shift away from the resources. Australias current economic strength has depended heavily on the resource boom, which is presently transitioning into its production phase (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). From the year, 2012-13 and 2015-16 the volume of iron ore and concentrates produced stood 66.3 percent higher from 2008-19 and 2011-2012. However, the increase in the volume of commodity and lower amount of international demand have contributed in the reversing the appreciation of the Australian dollar from the mining investment boom. The GDP growth can be broken down under the constituents drivers of household consumption, government spending, business investment and trade., Therefore, the real GDP of Australia rose to 2.8 percent in 2015-16 which was primarily driven by the household consumption. In contrast to this, the business investment declined by 1.7 percent points from GDP growth. This was primarily caused by the continuation declining business investment. Government measures to achieve production output performance: The Australian government has adopted investment in physical capital with the objective of improving labour productivity since the capital productivity is relatively slow to the change. This helps in providing direct link between the physical investment and production output (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). The Australian government is also embodied in the capital stock by undertaking initiatives to improve the technological aspects. The government have adopted measures in the areas of research and development in which the growth rate of technological progress largely dependent on the present level of technology on the quantity of resources that is devoted to the generation of new ideas and inventions. The government makes investment in human capital with the objective of raising productivity with evident changes in the production process. Labour Market Analysis: Unemployment trend based on unemployment rates: The seasonally adjusted rate of unemployment for Australia remained unaffected at 5.6 percent in June for the year 2016 from an upward modification of 5.6 percent in the month of May and it is reliable with the marketplace evaluations. The unemployment rate of Australia remained at the least possible level since the October 2016 as the Australian economy added 14,000 jobs however the number of unemployed person increased by 13100 (Richardson, 2014). In the month of June, the rate of seasonally adjusted labour force participation increased to a 17th month high of 65.0 percent from 64.9 percent in the earlier period that was beyond the market anticipations of 64.9 percent. Employment rose to 12,566,900, which was marginally lower than the market projections of 15,000 increases. The full time employment increased by 62,000 to 8,356,000 whereas the part time employment fell down by 48,000 to 3,810,800 (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). Unemployment increased by 13,100 to 728,100. The total num ber of unemployed person searching for full time work rose to 500,600 and the number of unemployed person looking for part time work augmented to 227500. Definition of unemployment and types of unemployment in an economy: Unemployment can be defined as the scenario where number of people willing to work or able to work is unable to discover work at the prevailing rate of wage. Types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment: Cyclical unemployment occurs when an economy enters in the phase of recession and with loss of large number of jobs. Frictional unemployment: Frictional unemployment takes place due to the normal turnover in the labour market and the time taken by the workers to discover new jobs. Structural unemployment: Structural unemployment arises due to the absence of the demand for a certain type of worker. This is particularly due to the mismatches of necessary skills required by the employers and the skill possessed by the workers. Advancements made in the technology majorly leads to unemployment. Types of unemployment in Australia: The main types of unemployment suffered by the Australian economy are the cyclical and structural unemployment (Pigou, 2013). The cyclical unemployment in Australia is caused by the contraction of the economic activity of aggregate demand. With fall in aggregate demand, the derived demand for labour also falls. These results in loss of jobs and workers are laid off because of the falling demand of labour. In the year 2006, a shortage of skill rose because of the mismatch between the required skills by the employers and the skill offered by the employees. A majority of those rose due to the mining boom states of the Western Australia and Queensland. Government measures adopted to achieve full employment: The Australian government adopted the policies of increasing workforce training and educations under the Apprenticeships Centre to promote the skills creation of the employees. The government also implemented the policies of school based apprenticeship systems in order to develop the apprenticeship skills in school (Argy Nevile, 2016). Funding related to vocational and school educations comprised of National Education Framework for School to increase literacy and the standards of numeracy with the Australian national training authority to enhance the skill development of Australian workers. To address the long term unemployment, the government has made several changes in the welfare and system of taxation with the objective of strengthening the incentive and obligations of welfare recipients to seek the payment of casual workers. Price level analysis: The consumer prices in Australia increased by 1.9 percent in the quarter of June 2017 from 2.1 percent in the first quarter and below the market consensus of 2.2 percent rise. The rate of inflation edged lower from 2-1/2 high in the first quarter primarily because of the slowdown in the cost of housing and transport. The annual cost increased at a slower rate for housing and transport (Ormerod et al., 2013). Cost increased further in the food and non-alcoholic beverages to 1.9 percent from 1.8 percent. Based on quarterly basis the consumer price increased by 0.2 percent, which is below 0.5 percent in the first quarter and below the market anticipations of 0.4 percent increase. It is considered as the lowest amount ever since the march quarter of 2016. The most vital rise in price in this quarter is the medical and the hospital services tobacco and bear (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). This rise was particularly offset by the falling domestic holiday travel and accommodation and -2.5 perc ent fall in the automotive fuel. Figure 4: Inflation of Australia (Source: Tradingeconomics.com 2017) Definition and typical causes of inflation: Inflation can be defined as the rise in general level prices that are paid for goods and services over the period. The main causes of inflation are either demand-pull or cost-push inflation. The major causes of demand-pull inflation are the depreciation in the exchange rate resulting in increase in the price of the imports and reduce the cost of domestic exports in the overseas nation (Barros et al., 2015). Another cause of inflation is the higher demand from monetary stimulus such as lower direct and indirect taxes due to the higher government spending. Cost-push inflation simultaneously arises due to the increase in the cost of raw materials and other components. This may be due to the rise in the price of commodity such as oil and agricultural products. Rising cost of labour is also one of the cause of inflation as the cost of wages regularly increase when the unemployment is low since skilled workers become more scarce and this drives higher level of pay. Causes of inflation in Australia: The demand side factors have influenced the degree of aggregate demand in the Australian economy. With national spending running head of the production, wide amount of shortage in goods and service appears unsold with firms cannot access the additional resources so that it can lift the total output (Cumming Johan, 2016). This results in demand side inflation. The cost-push inflation in Australia has resulted in rise wages paid to the workers. During the year, 2013 and 2014 under the new enterprise wage agreement has added cost pressure and ultimately accelerating inflation. Government measure to achieve stable price: The Australian government has adopted the policy of contraction that involve higher rate of taxes by changing the rate of interest as the method of creating an impact on the degree of national spending or aggregate demand in the economy (Azad et al., 2014). Furthermore, the Australian government has also adopted the budgetary policy involving higher taxes and reducing the government outlays. This helps in reducing the spending by raising income collected from the personal and company taxes. Conclusion: To conclude with from the analysis it is found that the Australian economy has achieved growth at a rapid pace. In spite of the global financial crisis the economy of Australia has made significant impact with lower degree of recession. The GDP per capita and GDP has been relatively high which represents that the economy has expanded at a faster rate. The Australian economy is successfully moving the direction of achieving full employment since the rate of unemployment has been relatively lower for the economy. Being an open economy the government of Australia has also attracted foreign direct investment to attain the economic expansion with successful government policies of reducing aggregate demand. Reference List: Argy, V. E., Nevile, J. (Eds.). (2016).Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. Routledge. Australia GDP Growth Rate | 1959-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth Australia GDP per capita | 1960-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-per-capita Australia Inflation Rate | 1951-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-cpi Australia Unemployment Rate | 1978-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/unemployment-rate. Azad, A. K., Rasul, M. G., Khan, M. M. K., Omri, A., Bhuiya, M. M. K., Hazrat, M. A. (2014). Modelling of renewable energy economy in Australia.Energy Procedia,61, 1902-1906. Barros, R. P. D., Corseuil, C., Mendona, R., Reis, M. C. (2015). Poverty, inequality and macroeconomic instability. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Cumming, D., Johan, S. (2016). Ventures economic impact in Australia.The Journal of Technology Transfer,41(1), 25-59. Frank, R. H., Bernanke, B. S., LUI, H. K. (2015).Principles of economics. McGraw-Hill Asia. Georgellis, Y. (2015, January). Regional unemployment and employee organizational commitment. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 12430). Academy of Management. Ormerod, P., Rosewell, B., Phelps, P. (2013). Inflation/unemployment regimes and the instability of the Phillips curve.Applied Economics,45(12), 1519-1531. Pigou, A. C. (2013).Theory of unemployment. Routledge. Richardson, J. R. (2014). Can we sustain health spending.Med J Aust,200(11), 629-31. Sloman, J., Norris, K., Garrett, D. (2013).Principles of economics. Pearson Higher Education AU. Taussig, F. W. (2013).Principles of economics(Vol. 2). Cosimo, Inc..

Welding Process free essay sample

Energy beam welding methods, namely laser beam welding and electron beam welding, are relatively new processes that have become quite popular in high production applications. The two processes are quite similar, differing most notably in their source of power. Laser beam welding employs a highly focused laser beam, while electron beam welding is done in a vacuum and uses an electron beam. Both have a very high energy density, making deep weld penetration possible and minimizing the size of the weld area. Both processes are extremely fast, and are easily automated, making them highly productive. The primary disadvantages are their very high equipment costs (though these are decreasing) and a susceptibility to thermal cracking. Developments in this area include laser-hybrid welding, which uses principles from both laser beam welding and arc welding for even better weld properties. Electron Beam Welding Introduction: Electron Beam Welding (EEW) is a unique way of delivering large amounts of concentrated thermal energy to materials being welded. We will write a custom essay sample on Welding Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It became viable as a production process in the late 1950s. At that time, it was used mainly in the aerospace and nuclear industries. Since then, it has become the welding technique with the widest range of applications. This has resulted from the ability to use the very high energy density of the beam to weld parts ranging in sizes from very delicate small components using just a few watts of power to welding steel at a thickness of 10 to 12 inches with 100 Kilowatts or more. However, even today most of the applications are less than 1/2 in thickness, and cover a wide variety of metals and even dissimilar metal joints How it works: The most common Electron Beam systems used in manufacturing today are of the high vacuum design. The other machine types are: 1- Partial vacuum equipment. 2- Non-vacuum equipment. These two types are used in mass production where high output is important. The diagram shown shows the classic triode gun and column assembly. The triode gun design consists of the cathode (Filament), Bias cup (Grid) and Anode. Other sub-assembly components that contribute to the triode are: High voltage insulator Feed-through, high voltage cable and deflection coils. All these components are housed in a vacuum vessel called the upper column. The column assembly is held under a high vacuum by an isolation valve positioned below the anode assembly. The vacuum environment provides several benefits: †¢Removes the bulk gas molecules necessary for a stable triode. †¢Provides protection for the incandescent filament against oxidization. †¢Provides a controlled environment to protect the gun against welding by product. BeamFormation:UpperColumn The beam formatting begins with the emission of electrons from the incandescently heated tungsten filament. During this process the filament is saturated by a determined amount of the electrical current. Electrons boil off the filament tip as it reaches operating temperatures and gathers in the grid cup assembly. A negative high voltage potential (acceleration voltage) is applied to the filament cathode assembly with the cathode assembly charged at 150 kV the only force preventing the electron beam from propagating is a secondary negatively charged voltage that resides on the grid cup or bias assembly. This voltage respectively lower than the accelerating voltage acts as a valve that controls the volume of electron energy that can flow from the cathode emitter to its attracting target. The anode at a positive potential is one of the attracting targets in the triode but its role is more of a beam formation device rather than a collector of electrons. The secondary target is the work piece which is usually metallic and offers a conductive path to earth to complete the circuit. The electron gun assembly design is a result of some extensive engineering studies and experimentation. Some of the early triode designs were mathematically modeled and their designs still produced today. Beam Delivery: Lower Column Other important components of the beam delivery column are the focus and deflection coils and isolation valve. The magnetic focus coil located beneath the anode assembly provides the means for squeezing the beam into a tightly focused stream of energy or can be used to widely dispersed energy resource. The deflection coil is another important component that will contribute to the latter discussion of beam control parameters but for now we will simply say that it is a steering device. The focus coil is circular in design and is concentric with the column. An electrical current is passed through the coil which produces the resultant magnetic fluxes that act to converge the electron beam. The deflection coil is configured with four separately wound coils positioned at right angles to the column. The four coils are segmented as sets (x and y) each axis becomes a separate control allowing the energizing of each axis on command, thus steering the beam. Many industrial applications require the precise manipulation of the beam energy so as to provide a pattern for processing. This is usually accomplished by superimposing an AC signal onto the four coils simultaneously therefore creating a specific pattern. The isolation valve serves to isolate the vacuum environment in the upper column from the lower. After the electron beam has passed through the lower column, it enters the chamber cavity. Another important part of the lower column of the (EBW) machine is the viewing optics, the optics are arranged in the lower column in such a manner that when viewing the beam energy through a video camera or magnified optics it gives the view from a parallel plane, giving the viewer the perception of looking down the column. Beam Interaction in Chamber Cavity: As the beam enters the chamber cavity it is aimed onto a target material placed at a determined height representative of the actual work piece. This procedure is typical in most pre-weld set-up requirements. The welding technician would then follow a process of beam alignment and beam parameter calibration. Unlike laser, the preparation is quite different in the fact that the technician must view the actual beam through the optical system in order to verify the beam alignment and focus. With a laser beam, the technician could not view the beam quality and therefore must rely on instrumentation to profile the beam energy. Once the beam has been tuned and calibrated the equipment is now ready for part processing. The focused beam of electrons is impinged at a targeted location on the weld joint at which point the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to thermal energy. The work piece can either be stationary and the beam energy deflected or the work piece can be traversed along a desired axis of motion. This motion can be computer controlled such as a CNC table or simply a rotating mechanism can be employed. As the beam energy is applied to the moving part several physical transformations take place. The material instantly begins to melt at the surface and a rapid vaporization occurs followed by the resultant coalescence. Two welding modes are used in the (EBW): 1) Conductance mode: Mainly applicable to thin materials, heating of the weld joint to melting temperature is quickly generated at below the materials surface followed by thermal conductance throughout the joint for complete or partial penetration. The resulting weld is very narrow for two reasons: a) It is produced by a focused beam spot with energy densities concentrated into a . 010 to. 030 area. b) The high energy density allows for quick travel speeds allowing the weld to occur so fast that the adjacent base metal does not absorb the excess heat therefore giving the E. B. process its distinct minimal heat affected zone. 2) Keyhole mode: It is employed when deep penetration is a requirement. This is possible since the concentrated energy and velocity of the electrons of the focused beam are capable of subsurface penetration. The subsurface penetration causes the rapid vaporization of the material thus causing a hole to be drilled through the material. In the whole cavity the rapid vaporization and sputtering causes a pressure to develop thereby suspending the liquidus material against the cavity walls. As the hole is advanced along the weld joint by motion of the work piece the molten layer flows around the beam energy to fill the hole and coalesce to produce a fusion weld. The hole and trailing solidifying metal resemble the shape of an old fashion keyhole. Both the conductance and keyhole welding modes share physical features such as narrow welds and minimal heat affected zone . The basic difference is that a keyhole weld is a full penetration weld and a conductance weld usually carries a molten puddle and penetrates by virtue of conduction of thermal energy. Advantages: 1. Deeper and narrower: Ability to achieve a high depth-to-width ratio eliminating multiple-pass welds. 2. Low heat input: Minimal shrinkage and distortion as well as ability to weld in close proximity to heat sensitive components. 3. Superior strength: Vacuum melt quality can yield 95% strength of base material. 4. Versatility: From . 001 to 3 deep penetration welds, each performed with exceptional control and repeatability. 5. High purity: Vacuum environment eliminates impurities such as oxides and nitrides. 6. Superior process: Permits welding of refractory metals and combinations of many dissimilar metals not easily weld with conventional welding processes. Disadvantages 1. All metals which can be welded by arc processes can be also welded by Electron-Beam-Welding, including exotic ones. Equipment tends to be expensive though, but there are joints which cannot be economically welded by any other process. Finally Electron-Beam-Welding is successfully applied for repair, overhaul and maintenance of expensive items, because it has almost no influence on nearby material. . On the sides of disadvantages of Electron-Beam-Welding one must include the elevated cost of equipment, the relatively high pump-down time, the need for properly designed joints, special fixtures and expert personnel. Laser Beam Welding Introduction: Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a modern welding process; it is a high energy beam process that continues to expand into modern industries and new applications because of its many advantages like deep weld penetration and minimizing heat inputs. The turn by the manufacturers to automate the welding processes has also caused to the expansion in using high technology like the use of laser and computers to improve the product quality through more accurate control of welding processes. Major Difference: The main difference between traditional electric arc welding processes is in the mode of energy transfer. Unlike electric arc energy transfer, laser energy absorption by a material is affected by many factors like the type of the laser, incident power density and the base metal’s surface condition. Two important factors to help characterizing laser welding are: ) The energy transfer efficiency, -The ratio of the heat observed by the work piece to the incident laser energy. b) The melting efficiency -The ratio of the heat to just melt the fusion zone to the heat observed by the work piece. The laser output is not electrical because does not require electrical continuity. It is also not influenced by magnetism and not limite d to electrically conductive materials. It can contract with any material and its function doesn’t require a vacuum nor does it produce x-rays. How it works: The focal spot is targeted on the work piece surface which will be welded. At the surface the large concentration of light energy is converted into thermal energy. The surface of the work piece starts melting and progresses through it by surface conductance. For welding, the beam energy is maintained below the vaporization temperature of the work piece material because hole drilling or cutting vaporization is required because the penetration of the work piece depends on conducted heat. The thickness of the materials to be welded is generally less than 0. 80 inches if the ideal metallurgical and physical characteristics of laser welding must be realized. Concentrated energy produces melting and coalescence before a heat affected zone is developed. When the materials to be welded are thick and have high thermal conductivity like aluminum. The advantage of having a minimal heat affected zone can be seriously affected because the heat source in this type of welding process is the energy of light, the work piece will be welded purely which means the fatigue strength of the welded joint will be excellent. Energy distribution across the beam is generated by the design of the resonant cavity, including mirror curvatures or shape and their relative arrangement. This combination results in photon oscillation within the cavity specific output beam energy patterns, these patterns are called Transverse Energy Modes (TEMs). The function of all laser beam welding processes whether they be gas (carbon dioxide, helium, neo, etc. ) or other lasing sources is based on the principles of the excitation of atoms using intense light, electricity, electron beams, chemicals and etc. The role of focusing lenses in this process is really important because it concentrates the beam energy into a focal spot as small as 0. 005 in diameters or even less. Like mentioned above there are many types of Laser Beam Welding (LBW) but the most popular types in the industry are: 1. Nd:YAG (neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet) Laser: The Nd: YAG laser uses a man-made crystal as its active medium and produces light with a 1. 06-micron wavelength. 2. Carbon Dioxide Lasers: The CO2 laser uses a mixture of gases including CO2 as the active medium and produces light with a 10. 6-micron wavelength. 3. The Diode Laser: The diode laser uses a semi-conductor diode material as its active medium can be manufactured to produce one of several wavelengths. Industries Served: 1- Aerospace. 2- Defense/military. 3- Electronics. 4- Research development. 5- Medical. 6- Sensors instrumentation. 7- Petrochemical refining. 8- Communications energy. Advantages: 1) Deep and narrow welds can be done. 2) Absence of distortion in welds created. 3) Minimal heat affected zones in welds created. 4) Excellent metallurgical quality will be established in welds. 5) Ability to weld smaller, thinner components. 6) Increased travel speeds. 7) Non-contact welding. Laser-hybrid Welding It is a new type of welding process that combines the principles of laser eam welding and arc welding. Introduction: The combination of laser light and arc into an amalgamated welding process is known since the 1970’s, but for a long time thereafter no further research and development was undertaken. Recently, researchers have turned their attention to this topic again and attempted to unite the advantages of the arc with those of the laser in a hybrid weld process. W hereas in the early days, laser sources still had to prove their suitability for industrial use, nowadays they are standard technological equipment in many manufacturing enterprises. The combination of laser welding with another weld process is called â€Å"hybrid welding process†. This means that a laser beam and an arc act simultaneously in one welding zone, they influence and support each other. Laser: Laser welding not only requires high laser power but also a high quality beam to obtain the desired â€Å"deep-weld effect†. The resulting higher quality of beam can be exploited either to obtain a smaller focus diameter or a larger focal distance. For the projects that are currently underway, a lamp-pumped solid state laser with a laser beam power of 4 kW is used. The laser light is transmitted via a 600? m glass fibre, in which the beginning and the end is water-cooled. The laser beam is projected onto the work piece by a focusing module with a focal distance of 200 mm. Laser Hybrid process: For welding metallic work pieces, the Nd:YAG laser beam is focused to obtain intensities of more than 106W/cm2. When the laser beam hits the surface of the material, this spot is heated up to vaporization temperature, and a vapor cavity is formed in the weld metal due to the escaping metal vapor. The extraordinary feature of the weld seam is its high depth-to-width ratio. The energy-flow density of the freely burning arc is slightly more than 104 W/cm2. Unlike a sequential configuration where two separate weld processes act in succession, hybrid welding may be viewed as a combination of both weld processes acting simultaneously in one and the same process zone. Depending on the kind of arc or laser process used, and depending on the process parameters, the processes will influence each other to a different extent and in different ways. The combination of the laser process and the arc process, there is also an increase in both weld penetration depth and welding speed (as compared to each single process). The metal vapor escaping from the vapor cavity acts upon the arc plasma. Absorption of the Nd:YAG laser radiation in the processing plasma remains negligible. Depending on the ratio of the two power inputs, the character of the overall process may be mainly determined either by the laser or by the arc. Absorption of the laser radiation is substantially influenced by the temperature of the work piece surface. Before the laser welding process can start, the initial reflectance must be overcome, especially on aluminum surfaces. This can be achieved by starting welding with a special start program. After the vaporization temperature has been reached, the vapor cavity is formed, and nearly all radiation energy can be put into the work piece. The energy required for this is thus determined by the temperature dependent absorption and by the amount of energy lost by conduction into the rest of the work piece. In Laser Hybrid welding, vaporization takes place not only from the surface of the work piece but also from the filler wire, so that more metal vapor is available, which in turn facilitates the input of the laser radiation. Advantages Laser hybrid process provides a fast welding speed and large gap capability. Other benefits include the penetration properties of laser welding and the addition of consumables and bridge-building properties of MIG. The use of consumables in the hybrid method means that the metallurgy of the joint can be influenced. This makes the method suitable for use with high-strength steels, with which consumables are needed to get the required properties out of the joint. Duplex stainless steel, employed widely by the offshore industry, can only be welded with a consumable, making it suitable with the hybrid method, but not with conventional laser welding. Conclusion The arc welding processes are cheap and reliable, but in light of the demands from modern society certain important limitations have become crucial. Many properties such as speed, heat input, and environmental aspects may not be improved further due to the limitations caused by the physics of the processes and the distortions observed in arc welding. Of equal importance are the large difficulties met in robotizing the processes where control of the individual weld-pass geometry is a key issue. Substituting with energy beam welding results in many advantages such as low distortion, high speed, and natural automation. Especially introduction of laser/MAG (GMAW) hybrid welding instead of pure laser welding increases the ability to bridge a gap and provides a significant increase in speed when welding a wide gap, and excellent weld properties are obtained. Thus, energy beam welding has bring a lot of advantages to mankind especially in manufacturing sector which then catalyst the progression of economic of one country.

Conjugating the French Verb Penser (to Think)

Conjugating the French Verb Penser (to Think) The French verb  penser  is an important word to know because it means to think. You will use it quite often when you speak French, so its a good idea to study and memorize the verbs conjugations. This lesson will demonstrate how to do that and form the present, past, and future tenses of penser. The Basic Conjugations of  Penser Verb conjugations in French are the equivalent of adding an -ing  ending in English to forms words like thinking. We must first identify the verb stem- for  penser  that is  pens-  - then add the appropriate ending to match the subject pronoun and tense of the subject. French students will be happy to know that  penser  is a  regular -er verb. It follows the most common conjugation pattern found in French. If youve studied similar words like  passer  (to pass) or  demander  (to ask), then this lesson will be easier because it applies the same endings. In the simplest form, this is done in the indicative mood for the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. These are the forms of  penser  that you will use most often, so I am thinking is  je pense  and we will think is  nous penserons. To help you commit these to memory, try using the conjugation in simple sentences. If you need some ideas, there are plenty of common phrases that use  penser. Present Future Imperfect je pense penserai pensais tu penses penseras pensais il pense pensera pensait nous pensons penserons pensions vous pensez penserez pensiez ils pensent penseront pensaient The Present Participle of  Penser The present participle of penser is pensant. Notice how this was formed by simply adding -ant to the verb stem. Penser  in the Past Tense The past tense can of  penser  is expressed with either the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. To form the latter, you will construct a short phrase using the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and the  past participle  pensà ©. For example, I thought is  jai pensà ©Ã‚  and we thought is  nous avons pensà ©. Look carefully and youll notice that the only conjugation needed was  avoir  in the present tense and that the past participle  pensà ©Ã‚  doesnt change. More Simple Conjugations of  Penser Consider the conjugations above to be your top priority when studying  penser. When youre comfortable with those, add these other simple conjugations to your vocabulary.   Each of these has a specific purpose. For example, the subjunctive expresses uncertainty in the action of thinking while the conditional says that something else must happen in order to think. The other two verb forms- the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive- are used more often in formal French, but they are good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je pense penserais pensai pensasse tu penses penserais pensas pensasses il pense penserait pensa penst nous pensions penserions pensmes pensassions vous pensiez penseriez penstes pensassiez ils pensent penseraient pensrent pensassent You will use the imperative form of  penser  when saying direct and very short commands such as Think! When doing so, theres no need to include the subject pronoun. Simply say Pense ! Imperative (tu) pense (nous) pensons (vous) pensez

The Minimum Wage Example

The Minimum Wage Example The Minimum Wage – Book Report/Review Example The Minimum Wage Reaction to Article I believe that the arguments are true, valid andfounded. This is because the author looks at both sides of the cognitive dissonance on minimum wages and maximum rents. The author, Garry Galles, has managed to paint a clear picture of how government has chosen to handle the problems of minimum wages and maximum rents (Galles). I agree with the author that government has acted in a manner that is contradictory to itself by employing countermeasures to its own measures. By introducing higher minimum wages, the government has driven the cost of employment higher and has therefore reduced the number of job opportunities in the market. This has increased employee compensation but has driven up prices and increased unemployment.I also agree with the fact that the rationale that government has employed has been distorted by cognitive dissonance in the fundamental theoretical framework employed in policy formulation. This fundamental flow creates a redunda nt loop in which the government takes measures to improve the economy and employs countermeasures against itself.Reaction to Student’s ResponseI believe the student has gained a good understanding of the fundamental theories engrained in the article. He student has supported their arguments with statistical information. They have however diverted from the course of the discussion by introducing a new aspect to the discussion. They have introduced the issue of job ranking or classification. By introducing this, the student fails to close their argument effectively leaving it open ended. However, I agree with the notion against minimum jobs realizing a 100% increase in compensation as this would reduce the number of jobs and increase unemployment rates within the economy.Galles, Gary. "Cognitive Dissonance on Minimum Wages and Maximum Rents." 15 April 2014. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Print. 15 May 2014. .

EOH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

EOH - Essay Example The measurements are calculated based on a series of questions answered by the person or institution involved (Carbon Footprint Ltd, 2011; World Wildlife Fund, 2007). Briefly, the questionnaire allows the assessment of how much of the pre-determined emission factors are utilized by the institution. The methodology of such calculations is made by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) of the British government, which is used by Carbon Footprint Ltd. or the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States‘ Department of Energy, which has its own Carbon Footprint calculation program, and is used by Lexington Global Warming Action Coalition. This report enumerates the carbon footprint value of ’s family, as calculated using different web hosts of carbon footprint calculations. Means of reducing the carbon footprint is also suggested. Finally, the idea of purchasing carbon offsets is tackled in this writing. MY CARBON FOOTPRINT VALUE Table 1. Summa ry of Carbon footprint values, expressed as tons CO2,.as calculated using five different websites. ... The average of the calculated values is 34.92 tons CO2, with a standard deviation of 13.54. What could have caused these high variation in results? COMPARISON OF THE FIVE WEBSITES All of the calculators used the activities at home, specifically the use of appliances, for the estimation of carbon footprint. However, US EPA only takes note of the housing energy consumption, as opposed to the other five websites, which also added transportation as an emission factor. As stated by the Lexington Global Warming Action Coalition, assessment of the carbon footprint using household activities alone is the most basic way of calculating because necessary information can be easily obtained from electric bills. Aside from housing and transportation, coolcalifornia.org also reported greenhouse gas emissions from shopping, which most likely caused its resulting carbon footprint calculation to be the highest of the five. Meanwhile, differences in the values obtained by Carbon Footprint, carbonfund.o rg, and Lexington may be attributed to the differences by which they accounted housing and transportation emissions. Looking closer at the environmental costs of transportation, both carbonfund.org and Carbon Footprint found out that most of the family’s carbon footprint was from car use, which, according to calculations, releases 31.74 and 41.74 tons CO2 respectively (see Appendix). These differences should be taken into consideration. A standardized calculation of Carbon Footprint should be made, because it is a reflection of the countries’ concerted effort on saving the environment. COMPARISON WITH THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLDS According to coolcalifornia.org, the carbon footprint of ‘s family were mostly caused by shopping expenditures. Briefly,