Psychsim 5 Operant Conditioning Free Essays

Old style Versus Operant Conditioning: Classical and Operant contrast in when an occasion happens. Traditional molding includes an occasion, and afterward an adapted reaction, while Operant depends on a choice, comprehending what the accompanying occasion might be. Fortification and Punishment: Reinforcement builds the likelyhood of the conduct rehashing. We will compose a custom paper test on Psychsim 5: Operant Conditioning or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Giving a pooch a reward for coming in the wake of setting off to the restroom outside. Expelling tasks when a young person complies with their check in time. Discipline diminished the likelyhood of the conduct rehashing. Giving a kid opportunity for hitting a child in class. Nonstop Versus Partial Reinforcement The conduct could almost certainly stop too. Calendars of Reinforcement Giving fortification after a consistent number of reactions. Paying a youngster after they complete 5 errands. Giving support after a reaction, after a consistent measure of time has passed. Letting a youngster enjoy a brief reprieve for each hour of schoolwork they do. Giving support after a changing number of reactions. Speculators at a gaming machine don’t know how frequently they’ll be strengthened. Giving support after a reaction, after a changing measure of time has slipped by. Anglers don’t have a constent support in the wake of throwing their line. Reproduced Experiment: Variable proportion is the most impervious to annihilation long haul. In any steady circumstance, the subject may see a theme in the quantity of reactions they should give, or to what extent they should sit tight for a support. In a variable stretch senario, it’s genuine they will react more since they don’t know how short the span might be, yet they won’t be continually reacting. In a variable proportion plan, the subject would need to continue reacting, and after a changing measure of reactions at long last be strengthened. This would keep the subject reacting at a higher rate. Instructions to refer to Psychsim 5: Operant Conditioning, Papers

Week 6 D-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 D-1 - Essay Example With respect to pathogenicity, Ebola infection alludes to a forceful pathogen, which prompts high immunosuppression in people and nonhuman primates. The pathogenicity of Ebola is homogenous across types of the sickness since the species partner with hemorrhagic fever flare-ups. Obviously, the Ebola infection enters have cells by means of mucous layers, skin replication, and endocytosis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The Ebola infection influences diverse host cells, blood coagulation, and safe barrier framework. All things considered, the Ebola infection causes huge immunodeficiency that generally results to fatalities. Ebola has a high destructiveness. To be sure, World Health Organization affirms that the malady can prompt a 90 % case casualty rate (Kloc, 2014). Ebola destructiveness rate relies upon its host factors like cell chemicals that split crucial Ebola infections (Pozos, n.d). By the by, harmfulness is consistently multigenic since Ebola has various stains (Pozos, n.d). This is apparent where Ebola had a 90% casualty rate in Sudan and only 1% in Uganda. Be that as it may, its low infectivity mitigates the high harmfulness rate (Kloc, 2014). This identifies with the way that pathogens that kill has have restricted time to spread. In that capacity, the need to set up balance between Ebola’s destructiveness and infectivity may prompt a worldwide pandemic (Kloc, 2014). Places for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Information for Clinicians in U.S. Social insurance Settings. Recovered from

Social Media Its Not Just For Kids

Social Media Its Not Just For Kids Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Social Media: Its Not Just For KidsUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Tim WilsonTopic : Social MediaShort URL : http://hbb.me/1ReSmOA CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThere’s a myth held by certain business personnel that social media is used mostly by kids and teens and that it has little potential as a platform for promotion for business. This cannot be farther from the truth because statistics speak otherwise. Below are four of the most popular social networking sites on the World Wide Web. Knowing the age groups that tend towards each social network is crucial to your social marketing strategy. And just looking at some of the numbers below will let you know that you do need a social marketing strategy. The statistics mentioned below are subjected to change.FacebookThe mere fact that Facebook’s current worth is approximately $7 billion proves that it is no child’s play. In fact, it is home to more than 900 million active users (as of April, 2012). Surveys show that approximately 52% of the site’s users fall into the age group of 18-25. 20% of users are between 26 and 34. And those between the ages 35 and 65 comprise of 33% of the user pool. Interesting, only 15% of the users are between the ages 13 and 17.TwitterTwitter is the second most popular social networking site. Given its simple interface, the communication of its users is succinct and effective at the same time. Users from the age brackets 25-44 and 45-54 account for more than 25% and 20% of Twitter’s user pool respectively. And only 20% Twitter users are under the age of 24.LinkedInLinkedIn is the third most widely used social networking site on the web. Given the purpose it is used for i.e. professional networking, it is obvious that it is not for kids. The average age of its users is 44 and this makes it count among social networking websites with the oldest populations. 30% o f LinkedIn’s users fall under the age bracket of 35 to 44. 20% of them are between 45 to 54 years old and 15% are between the ages of 55 and 54.READ15+ Best WordPress Video Plugins For Your BlogBeboBebo undoubtedly is for younger people. In fact, the average age of Bebo’s users is the youngest when compared to the same of other social networks. However, in spite of having the youngest average age, 60% of Bebo’s users are over the age of 17. 35 to 64 year old account to 30% of Bebo’s user population.Average Age of Users of the most Popular Social Networking SitesFollowing are the average ages of the users of the most popular social networking sites. They have been arranged in an increasing order of the average age of their users.Bebo : 28 | MySpace : 31 | Xanga : 32 | Hi5 : 33 | Friendster : 33 | Tagged : 34 | Last.fm : 35 | LiveJournal : 35 | Reddit : 37 | Ning : 37 | StumbleUpon : 38 | Digg : 38 | Facebook : 38 | FriendFeed : 38 | Twitter : 39 | Slashdot : 40 | Delicious : 41 | Classmates.com : 44 | LinkedIn : 44These statistics have been considered by businesses to make sure that the market they are targeting on different social networking sites are actually there. The return on their investments has proved that not only are users of these present on the sites, they are responsive too.

John Carrol My Boy Life Essay - 1193 Words

After reading the short story â€Å"My Boy Life† which is the memoir of John Carroll, I was from time to time envious of Carroll’s life but also relieved that I was not born in the 1800’s. Born just before the war of 1812 in Upper Canada, Carroll’s life was very simple. His prospective future occupations only consisted of a few and were predetermined from birth. How simple is life when everything is already set in stone? From the age of twelve to seventeen, Carroll worked at a tannery and as a currier. Carroll’s job was associated with his father’s work, his father being a saddler and harness-maker. Only grinding the bark in the tannery, Carroll’s life was consistent and did not require much effort of having to plan out his future. Sadly, much†¦show more content†¦Even from a relatively young age, people are more conscious of what is happening around us as we have grown exceedingly intelligent – too clever that our stan dards of what we expect from individuals have gone up. All of these factors make it seem like I have a tougher life than Carroll, but some aspects are still harder in his life. As he lives his daily life, Carroll, as a boy is expected to do heavy chores and to earn money for the family. Carroll operated the harrow, a heavy piece of strong wood in the form of the letter ‘A’. He performed this through the use of two oxen, but even then, it was very wearisome to perform this necessary but draining work. This would be extraordinary to see in the twenty-first century as the chores are relatively smaller and easier to manage. Generation after another, humans grew lazy and all the tasks performed before are replaced by machines that accomplish tasks ranging from the most difficult to the easiest. Carroll regrettably beat the poor oxen when the heavy harrow jerked, giving him a great shock to his slender arms. The oxen tried Carroll’s patience and as he was without grace at the time, it often made him lose his temper. Profani ties were thrown at the pitiable unknowing brutes which Carroll still repents even at the age of seventy. At a young age, it was harder for Carroll to get jobs and less common for fair payment to be received upon child labour. As you were not treated equally with adults, the pay was mostly bare minimum.Show MoreRelatedKing George IIi Of Great Britain2056 Words   |  9 Pageswanted the British to go away and never come back. On March 5, 1770, Private Hugh White was standing guard on sentry duty in front of the Customs House on King Street in Boston, Massachusetts. A young, local boy came across him, and after an exchanging of words, Private White sent the young boy away into the streets bruised and crying. Moments pass and suddenly a group of roughly fifty to sixty Colonists met outside thee Customs House and began to protest because they were tired of the soldiers andRead More Biography of Robert E. Lee Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesBiography of Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee was born in Stratford Hall, near Montross, Virginia, on January 19, 1807. He grew up with a great love of all country life and his state. This stayed with him for the rest of his life. He was a very serious boy and spent many hours in his fathers library. He loved to play with some his friends, swim, and he loved to hunt. Lee looked up to his father and always wanted to know what he was doing. George Washington and his father, Light-Horse Harry LeeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The Turn of the Tide 147 The Case of the Missing Time 150 SKILL PRACTICE 155 Exercises for Long-Term and Short-Run Stress Management The Small-Wins Strategy 155 Life-Balance Analysis 156 Deep Relaxation 158 Monitoring and Managing Time 159 SKILL APPLICATION 161 Activities for Managing Stress 161 Suggested Assignments 161 Application Plan and Evaluation 162 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA Stress Management AssessmentRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal an d Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesothers. This is one of the oldest and most universal practices of management (Tripathi 2005). This is a process which reveals that how well employees perform their jobs when the performance compared with the predetermine set of standards (L Mathis John H. Jackson). Merit rating is used basically for promotion of employees. However performance appraisal is more comprehensive term for such activities, because its use extends beyond ascertaining eligibility for promotion. Such activities may be training

Vocabulary Building Books for ESL Students

Political And Economic Theory Is An Often Contentious Subject

Political and economic theory is an often contentious subject as it relates to how much interference governments should be allowed when it comes to rights and welfare of the public. One of the most debated topics asks the question â€Å"is it a part of the government s role to take wealth away from the rich to give to the poor?† John Rawls and Robert Nozick offer two differing theories about the role of government in distributing wealth. John Rawls argues that a just society must have equal rights for all. He defines a society as an organization of individuals who work together and create a social contract of moral and immoral actions. The goal of any society is to improve the lives of those who inhabit it, contradicting Nozick’s belief that†¦show more content†¦The second principle is called the difference principle which states that social or economic inequalities are only just if they help the most disadvantaged members of society. In this portion, Rawls does agree that material inequality is a necessity to encourage economic competition, but states that it is only just if it is then used to help those who have been disadvantaged by their social position. Rawls proposes that the difference principle is the core component of distributive justice and therefore justifies the redistribution of wealth from rich to poor at the hands of the state. Rawls develops the idea of an â€Å"original position† as a conception point and a justification for this theory of distributive justice. In this original position, an individual is standing behind a veil of ignorance which blocks out social class, economic class, sexuality or natural talents. In this place, an individual is in the position to make the most basic moral decisions because they face no external bias. If one knows no place in society, a rational person will make decisions that help those who are worse off. In the original position, the principles of justice would be agreed to by any rational human. This position supports the idea that while each person might have a different background, they should have a fair chance to pursue goals and the equality of opportunity despite theseShow MoreRelatedHow Social Movements Important For A Democracy Like New Zealand? Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesan issue which challenges the political authority. Tilly describes a social m ovement as a â€Å"sustained challenge to powerholders in the name of a population [†¦] by means of repeated public displays† (Tilly, 1993, p 7, emphasis original). It is a space outside formal, institutionalised politics which â€Å"allows political energies to flow† (Norris, 2002). This alternative space can provide a platform for the voices of those who are disenfranchised and excluded from political institutions. The purpose ofRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of North Carolina Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesclaimed. If Raleigh, Greensboro, Winston-Salem and Charlotte generally shunned confrontation over civil rights and mostly avoided violence, their efforts at becoming better were largely token in nature and did not disturb the fundamental social, economic and political order. The university at Chapel Hill and its allies in Raleigh and Greensboro were nationally known for their academic excellence and open-mindedness, but it was well into the 1980s before a ny of them became more than openly integrated. MostRead MoreEssay on Strength and Weaknesses of Classical Realism1037 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Realism, with its implication that humans are intrinsically evil, is often characterized as a pessimistic analysis of human nature. While this characterization is undeniably true, Classical Realism should not be reduced to merely a cynical view of politics. 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In other words, to not only create patchwork identities but to construct political understandings and positions through patchworkRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 23 Things They Don t Tell You About Capitalism ``1638 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"95 per cent of economics is common sense made complicated† (Chang, 2011, p xviii). In his book, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, Korean economist, Ha-Joon Chang, assaults economic orthodoxy and questions many theories and empirical facts that we take for granted. Written shortly after the ‘credit crunch’ of 2008, Chang argues that this economic crisis was created by the free-market ideology which has been dominant since the 1980s and attempts to remove our rose-tinted glasses thatRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto Calling On The Workers Of The World2994 Words   |  12 Pagesevents in history capture the attention of sch olars and the general populace alike more than revolutionary contentious politics. Revolts and social movements have for centuries brought about the most radical of changes to the political order of societies, at times even engulfing entire regions of the world in a contagious, fevered upheaval. Revolutionaries have fought not only against political systems and institutions such as aristocratic and colonial rule; they have also fought for their beliefsRead MorePluralism and Policy Making in New Zealand2593 Words   |  11 PagesThe political theory of pluralism maintains that political power is not held exclusively by the government, but by a number of diverse groups. Interest groups, pressure groups, trade unions, and informal groups of like-minded citizens are all examples of the types of coalitions which pluralists believe influence the political system. New Zealand is a pluralist society. Our people are diverse and since the introduction of a MMP electoral system there is gr eater opportunity for groups to be involvedRead MoreAnalyse and Contrast Elite, Pluralist and Marxist Theories of the State. Which Interpretation Do You Find Most Convincing?2057 Words   |  9 Pagespluralist and Marxist theories of the state. Which interpretation do you find most convincing? Intro The aim of this essay is to examine the three major theories of the state before concluding which of them is, in my opinion, most useful when examining the relationship between the state and civil society in the UK. I will first attempt to briefly outline the three theories. Following this I will offer some definitions and distinctions as well as highlighting some of the contentious and problematicRead Moreglobalisation3530 Words   |  15 Pagesthe entire world has now shrunken into a small global village. Globalization has often been regarded as the ‘cradle’ of global economic development. This so called ‘world liberator’ however has not escaped criticism as opponents claim that it has been the cause of social evils and rising levels of poverty in developing countries. Due to the nature of globalization and in its bid to open up social, economic and political boundaries currently in place, various functions in different countries have beenRead MoreFiscal Federalism in Nigeria2955 Words   |  12 Pagesone of the most protracted and controversial debates in the political and macroeconomic management of the economy. This debate has its foundations in the history and evolution of the Nigerian federation. â€Å"Revenue allocation or the statutory distribution of revenue from the Federation Account among the different levels of government has been one of the most contentious and controversial issues in the nation’s political life. So contentious has the matter been that none of the formulae evolved at various

Significantly On Natural Resources Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Significantly On Natural Resources. Answer: It has been seen that the government of United States depends significantly on natural resources like natural gas, coal, oil and many more fossil fuels that are not at all renewable. That indicates that whether it is extracted in an uncontrolled or controlled manner, eventually the resources will be hard to get and the world will run out of the necessary resources. The major amount of renewable energies is retrieved directly or indirectly from the solar energy. Solar energy might be used indirectly or directly from the sunlight for lighting and heating purposes in domestic houses or in business organizations. Nowadays renewable energy has become an important tool for generating electricity in an environment-friendly manner. There is ocean energy that can be generated from waves of the ocean or from the tidal waves (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg 2014). Recently there have been significant rise in using geothermal energy extracted from Earths internal heat. The major advantages of renewable energy are that there is no threat of running out of energy and those are in general extremely environment friendly. Using renewable energy requires very less maintenance cost and in most cases, the renewable energy generates no harmful waste products that are harmful for the environment (Twidell and Weir 2015). In various regional areas, the projects related to renewable energy provides economic benefits. There are some disadvantages of using renewable energy too and those are mentioned in this section of this essay. It is significantly troublesome to generate the required electricity for the domestic and business sectors only from the renewable sources and sometimes the reliability of the supply of energy from renewable sources get hampered (Strupeit and Palm 2016). There are some other issues too, like, to generate adequate solar energy, the sky needs to be clear and bright sunlight on the solar panel will be necessary. Thus, it can be said that using both renewable energy and energy from the fossil fuel in a balanced way can become the best solution. Using renewable energy sources can open up various business opportunities and those are mentioned in this part of the essay. It is seen that the business organizations have to pay a significant amount of money each month for their consumption of electricity, where as if they opt for renewable energy, they will certainly be able to lower the cost (Stigka, Paravantis and Mihalakakou 2014). As a responsible business organization the management of the organization can show the people of their operational area that using renewable energy is their contribution for the benefit of environment as a corporate social responsible business organization. This type of initiative can immensely improve the brand image of the organization. Uses of renewable energy can potentially increase job opportunities as it would require modification in infrastructure to generate adequate renewable energy. Thus to conclude, it can be said that though depending solely on the renewable energy can become an issue, b ut, being able to balance the usage of renewable energy with the fossil fuel or generating energy from the natural resources will be much more effective in the current situation. References Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, pp.748-764. Stigka, E.K., Paravantis, J.A. and Mihalakakou, G.K., 2014. Social acceptance of renewable energy sources: A review of contingent valuation applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,32, pp.100-106. Strupeit, L. and Palm, A., 2016. Overcoming barriers to renewable energy diffusion: business models for customer-sited solar photovoltaics in Japan, Germany and the United States.Journal of Cleaner Production,123, pp.124-136. Twidell, J. and Weir, T., 2015.Renewable energy resources. Routledge.

RMIT International University Vietnam Essays - Linguistics, Culture

RMIT International University Vietnam Master of Business Administration Assignment Cover Page Subject Code BUSM4450 Subject Name: Business Research Design Location Campus (SGS or HN) where you study: RMIT Hanoi Campus Title of Assignment: (In the form of a question) Assessment 3 - Reflection Journal File(s) Submitted: Assessment 3 - Reflection Journal Student name: Le Thanh Thuy Student Number: S3360505 Lecturer and Group number: Dr Matthew McDonald Assignment due date : 10/9/2017 Date of Submission: 10/9/2017 Number of pages including this one: Word Count: (Main Content - excluding appendices reference lists) Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc492507382 \h 3 2.Reflective Journal PAGEREF _Toc492507383 \h 3 2.1.Initial Problem Identification : PAGEREF _Toc492507384 \h 3 2.2.The Concepts and Theory of Research Design Application PAGEREF _Toc492507385 \h 4 2.3.Forward Movement PAGEREF _Toc492507386 \h 4 2.4.Project Team Performance PAGEREF _Toc492507387 \h 5 2.5.Positive and Negative Experiences PAGEREF _Toc492507388 \h 6 2.6.Future Career Application PAGEREF _Toc492507389 \h 6 3.Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc492507390 \h 7 Reference Lists : PAGEREF _Toc492507391 \h 8 Introduction After completing two assessments for the Business Research Design course, the coordinator gave us the formula how to write a Reflective Journal in assessment 3. The reflective writing require us to obtain the deeper thinking of personal experiences and what about the observation during the process in order to make the research proposal. Our research question is : "Why do Vietnamese workers prefer working for a foreign company to a local one?". In the journal, I will report what I have learnt from nine sessions of the course and the process that my team project have been through, what we did well and did not do well. Beside this, I will discuss more about the knowledge what I have gained and evaluate my performance in both myself and team members, clarify clearer about my thoughts and spot the patterns and links of the course, thus, I would be able to purify why things happen the way my project team did and how much successful we achieved after completing the research proposal. Furthe rmore, the reflective journal will also identify the positive experience when working in a team and evaluate the effectiveness of the course which can assist for my lifelong learning, especially for the business research career. Reflective Journal Train J Athl ( 2006 ) identifies the benefits of writing a reflective journal are strengthening personal reflection, making the critical thought become easier and enhancing the feeling expression. Additionally, Walraven V C (2017) emphasizes that the reflective journal is a helpful learning evaluation for many wide range of subjects and this writing is not much requirements for students and do not need e effort for coordinator for any helps. Instantly, reflective journal permits students to reflect on their understanding they have learnt in class by writing on the reflection, students can demonstrate their knowledge and personal experiences after each lesson based on reflective journal and propose their new plan for the next lecture. A journal writing educate students to create new perspectives and allow them to blow their mind, brainstorm many kinds of new ideas, strengthen the skillfulness and optimize their critical thinkings. Thus, for each journal writing regularly after class, students would improve certainly in terms of their writing skills, sentences consistency and their creativity and innovative thinking as well. In the next sections, my reflective journal will emphasize our Sky Team s performance and demonstrate the quality of research proposal throughout four days of intensive class. Also, I will illustrate my critical thinking and personal experiences I have gained when I taking part in my project team during attending the Business Research Design course. Additionally, based on the process of writing a reflective journal in the online RMIT Learning Lab, I will discuss three key points that how to write an effective journal writing are describing the positivity and negativity what things happened, examine and assess the learning experience throughout intensive course and further personal knowledge what I have learnt from this experiences. Initial Problem Identification : The problem our Skyteam focus on is about the high turnover rate of Vietnamese companies compare to foreign ones. Vietnam now is a developing country which high potential for foreign investments, however, there is a large amount of Vietnamese young talents tend to

Woody Guthrie essays

Woody Guthrie essays For my project, I chose to go look at the exhibit, The Life and Legacy of Woody Guthrie, at the J. Wayne Stark University Center Galleries. It told about his life story, and presented many of his famous works of art. Woodrow Wilson Guthrie was born in the small town of Okemah, Oklahoma on the fourteenth of July in 1912. His grandparents moved to Oklahoma trying to seize the opportunity to seize land from the Indian Territory. In his lifetime, Woody experienced and saw much hardship, which he reflected through his artwork, music, and poetry. For example, at the age of only fourteen, Woody was living on his own. Using the hymns and spirituals he learned, Woody added what he learned in the folk tradition from people he met on the road. He also lived during the period of the Great Depression, which presented starving families and much injustice. Woody and many Americans wondered how all of these horrible things could go on in the country proclaimed to be the land of freedom. Many families were starving as plenty of food sat behind the fences in the fields left to rot. All of this, Woody expressed through his work, as he was not merely just an artist, but an avid activist as well. His life p rematurely ended when he was hospitalized being diagnosed with Huntingtons disease, which also was the cause of death to his mother. However, the impact that he laid upon American soil was so significant as to this day he is still acknowledged in every fight, and battle for fairness, and equality. The exhibit showed many of his paintings, poetry, and music he produced in his lifetime. His artworks were direct past events he personally experienced, from the Black Blizzard to Starvation Disease. His artwork was not beautiful, fancy, or done with much detail. However, Woodys ability to directly show the events so blatantly is what makes his works so powerful. For exa...

Ombudsman in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ombudsman in the UK - Essay Example This means that this is an office that is supposed to check on the excesses of the government and it officer as far as handling of the citizens is concerned. It has been formed as the main force that helps the aggrieved parities to deal with the government. In this case it is supposed to check on the way the government and its officers having being given more power by the constitution that the people who they rule deal with the people. This office has an important function as it helps to provide a check and balance between the powers of the government officers and how they are applied to the people. This is one of the most important offices in the UK which has been serving the above mentioned function. In the UK, this office has been formed in the parliament and is called Parliament Commissioner for Administration. Although it has been referred as an imported institution that was formed in the Scandinavian soil, the office has been given the mandate to act on receiving complains from the public and then carrying out investigation and giving the recommendations to the parliament for the implementation of the necessary process. During its formation there were various agreements that surrounded the way the department could function amid the emerging parliamentary democracy and how it could fit to the legal framework. In real sense these earlier fears have been reflected in the functioning of the office as it has not been able to meet the expectations of the people. There have been many concerns about the functioning of the office not only in the UK but also in other places where it has been instituted. There have been claims that the office has not been meeting its mandates to protect the people from the excesses of the government. There has been issue with the way that one can represent their cases to the office. The office in the UK has not put up a framework that make is easy for the aggrieved party.

Renaissance in Italy and in Northern Europe Research Paper

Renaissance in Italy and in Northern Europe - Research Paper Example Other factors that contributed to the development of renaissance include the texts brought to Italy when Constantinople fell to the hands of the Ottoman Turks ad the migration of Greek scholars. The following paragraphs provide an exploration of these factors and more. Some historians argue that renaissance had its origin starting from 13th century as depicted by the writings of Francenso Petrarca (1304-1374) and Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), and the painting of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). Those who support the view that renaissance started from 1401 point to the rivalry that existed between geniuses Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti as the cause of renaissance. Jensen (1992) reveals that the two people competed to for a contract to construct the bronze doors of the Florence Cathedral’s Baptistery. Other historians hold the view that general competition between polymaths and artists like Masaccio, Ghiberti, Brunelleschi and Donatello for artistic missions caused the explosion of the creativity of renaissance (Jensen, 1992). The socio-political structures in Italy general had a good part to play in the emergence of renaissance. The socio-political structures in Italy general had a good part to play in the emergence of renaissance. This is because there existed a unique political structure in Italy during the Middle Ages. For example, the country did not exist as a political entity. Instead, it was divided into territories and states (Clare and Millen, 1994). Some of the states like the republic of Florence had remarkable merchant Republics for example the Venice Republic. This practice had some features of democracy and the states involved were responsive with belief in liberty and forms of participation in government. Therefore, these states enjoyed a relative political freedom, condition which created conducive environment for artistic and academic advancement. The emergence of renaissance can also be linked to the relative positions of some I talian cities like Venice. These cities were great trading centers and this made them intellectual crossroads. Merchants who came to these cities brought with them ideas from their countries spread over the globe, especially the Levant. Venice was a producer of glass and the gateway for trade between Europe and the East while Florence was the capital of textiles. This brought in much wealth which led to more private and public artistic commissions and people having more leisure time for study (Cronin, 1969). Between 1348-1350, Europe was hit by the Black Plague/Death in Florence. This resulted to a shift in the way the world viewed people and life in general in the 14th-century Italy. For example, familiarity with death caused thinkers to focus more on their lives on earth instead of spirituality and afterlife. The Black Death therefore led to the sponsorship of religious works of art (Clare and Millen, 1994). There was also an unusual social climate in Italy which motivated the dev elopment of rare cultural efflorescence. This situation was more pronounced in Florence because it had a unique cultural life which is though to have caused the emergence of renaissance as a cultural movement (Turner, 2005). In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell and this was accompanied by the closing of higher learning institutions by the Ottoman Turks. This caused the immigration of many

Essay on Administrative Reforms in the Philippiens Essay Example for Free

Essay on Administrative Reforms in the Philippiens Essay A study was made by the World Bank about the extent of corruption in the Philippines. The study reveals the existence of a consensus in the government, nongovernmental and international circles that corruption in the public and private sectors in the Philippines is pervasive and deep-rooted, touching even the judiciary and mass media (Chay Florentino-Holifena, 1998). This is collaborated by the data collected in September 1998 by Social Weather Station (SWS). The survey says that nearly two thirds of the respondent thought that corruption exists in the government with 38% saying â€Å"a great deal† while 34% saying â€Å"some. † Also, according to Transparency International which calculated that Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) n the Philippines, on a scale of1 (higher perception of corruption) to 10 (negligible perception), the CPI for the Philippines was 3. 6 in 1999. Out of the 99 countries rated, the Philippines was perceived as the Fifty-fifth least corrupt. As a result of the problem of prevalence of corruption in the Philippines, then President Joseph Estrada asked the World Bank to make recommendations to help the Philippine government strengthen its fight against corruption. For its part, the Philippines thought that the need for a stronger anti-corruption program is imperative considering that it is being cited with increasing frequency by international business surveys and anticorruption agencies as a country where corruption inhibit foreign and domestic investment. The need for stronger anti-corruption program by the Philippines is also brought about by the effects of corruption which drains away limited and scarce resources of the Philippine government for development, distorts access to government services by poor communities and undermines the public confidence in the governments determination to help alleviate poverty and fight corruption. In addition, the need for stronger anti-corruption program is made imperative in view of the importance of attracting international aid which is severely hampered by the international image of the Philippines as one of he haven of corruption in Asia. It must also be stressed that the move towards improvement in the public administration is a global trend that has affected even Southeast Asian countries which desire to improve public administration (M. Shamshul Haque, p. 1297). The World Bank then proposed a Nine-Point Approach in fighting corruption in the Philippines as its recommendation for creating a national strategy for fighting corruption in the Philippines. The principle behind the Nine-Point approach is focusing on reducing opportunities and motivation for corruption and making corruption a high-risk and low-reward activity. World Bank therefore recommended nine key elements for the national anticorruption program: a) reducing opportunities for corruption by policy reforms and deregulation; b) reforming campaign finance; c) increasing public oversight; d) reforming budget processes; e) improving meritocracy in the civil service; f) targeting selected departments and agencies; g) enhancing sanctions for corruption; h) developing partnerships with the private sector; and i) supporting judicial reform (â€Å"Combatting Corruption in the Philippines†, 2000, viii). In the light of the necessity of implementing reforms in the Philippines, this paper seeks to discuss the three areas of governance that may help in the attainment of the national goals of the Philippines which is to eradicate corruption, minimize the bureaucracy, minimize overlaps in program implementation by government agencies and check the expansion of government activities. These areas are: (1) decentralization and local governance, (2) economic deregulation and privatization and (3) human resource management. Reforms in local Governance and Decentralization The Philippines follows a Unitary form of government in which there is a concentration of political powers and authority in the national government. Legislative power, or the power to make, amend, repeal or alter them is vested in Congress which is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Executive power, or the power to administer and enforce laws, is vested in the President. Judicial power, or the power to settle actual controversies involving rights, is vested in the Supreme Court and ther lower courts. This is unlike the United States which adopts the Federal system of government in which political powers and authority are shared between the national government and the individual states. However, the 1987 Constitution in recognition of the existence of territorial and political subdivisions of the Philippines which are provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays, has given these territorial subdivisions local autonomy for the purpose of making them effective and efficient partners in national building. Thus Article X Section 3 of the 1987 Constitution provides that: â€Å"The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities and resources and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units. (Art X, Sec 3, 1987 Constitution) The constitution also gives the local government fiscal autonomy for them to be able to provide basic services to their constituents, to wit: â€Å"Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress ma provide consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments. † (Art X, Section 5, 1987 Constitution) As a result of the delegation of some powers and authority by the national government, the local government has been important and vital machineries in the attainment of national goals of the Philippines. The national government has learned that delegating some of its powers will enable it to focus on more pressing national concerns. It has also learned that giving communities local and fiscal autonomy will help make them proactive partners by the national government in the fight for corruption and advancement of he country. As a result, the local communities have been able to transform themselves to mini-governments that can to a certain extent sustain the needs of their constituents. The local government units have been able to propose innovations on how to help the national government. These are: a) Taking Care of People and Environment in Negros Oriental which is a project geared towards developing and improving the quality of life in Negros Oriental, a province in the South of P hilippines. The project involves the construction of community hospital that seeks to provide basic health services and information dissemination campaign to inform the people on how to take care of their environment; b) Saving the Mangroves of Kalibo, Aklan is a project geared towards the reforestation of a fifty hectare swampland; c) Saving the Marikina River is a project whose primary goal is to restore the Marikina River for the purpose of making it one of the major tourist destination of the city; d) The Mandaluyong Public Market is a partnership between the private sector and the city for the private sector to built and operate a market on a land owned by the city. This project is now the source of the revenues of the city which it now uses to support its provision of basic services to its constituents; e) Transforming Malalag into a Provincial Agro-Industrial Centre in Davao Del is another example of the effect of empowering local government units as partners with other government agencies in local administration and management, human resource development; f) Acquiring a Complete Equipment Pool in Munoz, Nueva Ecija is a project of the local government unit in acquiring under-utilized equipment from national government and making good use of them in rebuilding the local government unit; g) Floating Bonds for Low Cost Housing in Victorias, Negros Occidental is a project of the local government unit which involve floating of bonds to finance housing projects of its constituents; h) Improving the Productivity in Naga City is a local government unit’s project that focuses on providing services to the constituents, getting optimum outputs wi th minimum expenditures, producing quality results as desired and planned and making services accessible and acceptable based on the principle of greater good for the greatest number; i) Number Code Scheme in Makati City is a project geared towards easing the traffic in the business district of the  Philippines; j) Medical, Dental and Legal Mission in Caloocan City which is a project that seeks to deliver medical, dental and even legal advises to poor residents in Caloocan City; j) Solid Waste Management Program in Bulacan is a project designed to ensure that the people learn to segregate and properly dispose of their garbage. Privatization Program Privatization is essentially the sale or lease of assets of the government. It is done either because the country realizes how efficient the private sector is in business management or because the government seeks to earn additional revenues and that privatizing its assets will be instrumental in the government’s economic development program. Privatization of government assets started in 1986 during an era of political turmoil as the country has overthrown the dictatorial rule of the former President Marcos. Th is is the first wave of privatization. At the time the government wanted to dispose the assets which have been sequestered from the friends and relatives of President Marcos (Lauro A. Ortile p. 130). Other properties were also included in the privatization such as those that were foreclosed and taken over by banks. The second wave started in 1990 with the disposition of government properties in the utilities and infrastructure sectors which were formerly state-subsidized (Lauro A. Ortile p. 130). The third wave consists in opening of a wide range of public services such as housing health, postal services and pension funds (Lauro A. Ortile p. 130). According to the Department of Finance, privatization has yielded positive results for the government. It has not only generated additional revenues, but it has also broaden the base of ownership and fostered favorable climate for investors (Privatization Monitor, 2004, p. 1). Since 1987, the revenue generated from the privatization program has reached more than P200 billion for the Philippines. According to United Nation Public Administration Network (UNPAN) (1997), the Philippine Civil Service more than doubled from 430,000 in 1971 to 840,000 in 1980 to almost 1 million in 1985 (Mirshariff Tillah, 2005, p. 27 ) By itself, there is essentially nothing wrong in having a large workforce. It may be argued that having a large workforce aids in the delivery of public services and gives employment opportunities to a large number of people. However, if despite having a large workforce delivery of public service is still slow and the amount allocated given to these civil servants eats away a large percentage of the national budget, then having a large workforce is a serious cause of concern. It must be stressed for a country like the Philippines, cutting down the size of its civil servants is imperative in the sense that money used to pay for the salaries of non-performing employees may be utilized for infrastructure and delivery of public services. As a result, then President Fidel Ramos implemented one of the legislative measures designed to downsize the government and ensure that its existing employees will be more effectively utilized. This is the Republic Act 7430 â€Å"An Act Providing for Optimum Utilization of Personnel in Government Service through a System of Attrition† which is otherwise known as the Attrition Law. The objective was attained simply by means of freeze hiring and preventing the filling of positions that become vacant due to resignation, retirements or death (Mirshariff Tillah, p. 27). The Attrition Law is still being currently implemented until now. It has been so effective that it has arrested the upward trend in government employment. Though it has not completely stopped the upward trend of the government employment, the same however has caused the increase to slow down. Research shows that the start of the implementation of the Attrition Law in June 1992, the total number of filled positions was 1,237,435. This number was reduced in 1993 and 1994 but increased from 1995 to 1996. The present figure of 1,213,602, however, still remains lower than the 1992 level (â€Å"Administrative Reforms: Country Profiles of Five Asian Countries† p. 117). It is also estimated that the five-year implementation of the Attrition Law, has resulted in savings for the Philippine government in the amount of more than six billion pesos (US$ 240 million) (â€Å"Administrative Reforms: Country Profiles of Five Asian Countries†p. 117). Conclusion The Philippines has undertaken dramatic changes in the last few decades. These policy changes are manifested in the legislative measures that have been passed which are designed to eradicate corruption, minimize the bureaucracy, and minimize overlaps in program implementation by government agencies. Though there are a lot more changes to be done, the future is bright for the Philippines as these measures are initial steps that have been taken towards national development. This is a sample essay from smartessaywriters. com – the leading provider of reliable and affordable essay writing services and research paper writing services in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Moyers vs. Frontline :: essays research papers

Moyers Vs. Frontline   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The difference between the Frontline video and the Moyers video is mainly that the Moyers video deals with normative ethics and the Frontline video deals with discriptive ethics. The Frontline video frightenly describes how George Walker bush came to develope the principles and values which guide his policy making. The Moyers video, on the other hand, dealt with how Sister Joan felt about the president's policies, and what she hoped the conservative Christian right would do to become more succinct with gospel teachings. Both sides have elements of both normative and discriptive ethics, but for the most part, they are polar in motivation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Moyers video gives a rather surprising account of the Bush policies from the perspective of a very politically active Catholic nun. Sister Joan criticizes the president for everything from his policies on Iraq to the conservative view on abortion. Sister Joan poigniantly displays Bush as an egotistical, confused absolutist who's own agenda is the only one he relies on. Not that Sister Joan is wrong, but the Moyers video paints him not as coniving, but as misguided. At the end of the Moyers video, one has a sense that he truly believes what he's doing is right. When he makes the comment as governor, that God wants him to be president, I think he really believes it. To make a statement like that isn't just meglomania, it's political suicide...unless you actually believe it and happen to be a member of a faith that believes God does things like pick presidents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The president's interest in faith-based initiatives, is perhaps best contrasted against Sister Joan's response to the Conservative pro-life argument. Bush went against the constitution to allow religious institutions to recieve federal aid for community service programs, without being subjected to federal regulations. Nowhere, however, did he mention what faith would get the most funding. Bush had stated earlier that he didn't believe you were going to heaven without Jesus. He then showed an obvious favortism towards Christianity when speaking about the new programs in the public forum. If this continues, he will no doubt use his faith over the constitution to begin taking away the rightsof citizens. One of the areas in jeapardy is the women's right to privacy. Sister Joan uses the best response I've heard to the conservative argument I've heard in a

Kids Need Sports

Kids these days are stuck inside doors just playing video games, doing homework, watching television, and that’s just wrong. Kids should be outside playing sports, getting some exercise while having fun. There are many reasons nowadays why kids aren’t playing or end up quitting sports, such as their parents don’t want them to play and get hurt, kids feel that they can’t do the sport or won’t be any good at it. A other reason kids end up quitting sports because they don’t like to lose or be on a losing team but as Muhammed Ali once said â€Å"I never thought about losing, but now that it’s happened, the only thing is to do it right† (Ali).This is a good mindset to have. Playing a sport at a young age helps the child become a better leader, team player, and an athlete that will carry on as they get older. Whoever disagrees that kids shouldn’t play sports should consider all the benefits sports bring to a child’s life and the people around them. Kids that play a sport are more likely to be in healthy, and have better socializing behavior. There are reasons why kids don’t playing sports at an early age due to parents not allowing them, and kid end up quitting sports due to injury and the stress of a sport.Sports are a great way for a kid to stay in shape and have fun. Playing a sports at a young age has a lot of health befits. As stated by Family, Youth and Community Sciences â€Å"According to the Women’s Sports Foundation, girls who participate in sports are less likely to become pregnant as teenagers and are less likely to suffer from depression. There is also evidence that athletic activity can decrease the likelihood of developing breast cancer and osteoporosis. †(â€Å"Benefits of Sports for Kids†). Kids that play a sport at a young age are more likely to have better eating habits, and exercise when they grow up to an adult.As told by Academic Search Premier. â⠂¬Å"Athletes are generally less likely than their nonathlete peers to smoke cigarettes or to use marijuana or other illegal drugs (â€Å"Relationships Between Youth Sport Participation†). When a kid plays a sport they are often on a team which builds socializing skills and teamwork skills. Routledge â€Å"Around the world, there is evidence of sport/physical activity programmes being used to re-engage young people in education and society more broadly (â€Å"The role of physical activity/sport†).Kids that play sports learn how to share, be a leader, have great team work, and be a better person in both the sport and everyday life. Kid will also have better obedience, and respect to their elders and parents. Sports are a great way to find close friends to talk to play with and they would have the same interests and hobbies as the child would have this makes finding friends easier on the child. Parents need to be involved in their child’s life making sure they are up to good; a great way in doing that is to enroll them in a sport.Parents are the one that need to make the push in their child’s life to start playing a sport and finding the sports they would like to play. Often enough parents are also the reason why kids aren’t playing any sports. An example would be a mother doesn’t want her kid to play football because they can get injured and she is to overprotective of her child, but parents need to know that they cannot keep their kids in door all the time this could cause socializing problems, and health problems. As said by Steinberg Academic Search Premier â€Å"As a general rule, kids should start playing sports around age 6 (â€Å"Let's play ball! ). There are many reasons why kids quit sports nowadays. Some of the reason are that the kid is under too much stress and got injured and afraid to play again. The kid could be in a great deal of stress with the sports busy work schedule with practices, games, and film . This could be a lot for a kid to handle. Academic OneFile â€Å"If your child is unhappily stuck in a high-stress situation, De Lench advises, allow him or her to quit. â€Å"As adults, we walk away from situations that aren't good for us, and it's a healthy lesson to teach your child (â€Å"Not just fun and games†).Kids also should just play seasonal a sports not a year round sports so he or she is constantly under stress. Youth sports are essential to a kids’ development to grow and learn. A child without a sport could have health problem when growing up and likely to get into more trouble with drugs. The kids also build social behaviors and leadership traits that well stick with them for the rest of their lives and good friends along so. The things that are stopping kids from playing g sports are parents, cause of injury, and a stressful environment of the sport itself.

Battle of Stirling Bridge in the Wars of Scottish Independence

The Battle of Stirling Bridge was part of the First War of Scottish Independence. William Wallaces forces were victorious at Stirling Bridge on September 11, 1297. Armies Commanders Scotland William WallaceAndrew de Moray300 cavalry, 10,000 infantry England John de Warenne, 7th Earl of SurreyHugh de Cressingham1,000 to 3,000 cavalry, 15,000-50,000 infantry Background In 1291, with Scotland embroiled in a succession crisis following the death King Alexander III, the Scottish nobility approached King Edward of England and asked him to oversee the dispute and administer the outcome. Seeing an opportunity to expand his power, Edward agreed to settle the matter but only if he were made feudal overlord of Scotland. The Scots attempted to sidestep this demand by replying that as there was no king, there was no one to make such a concession. Without further addressing this issue, they were willing to allow Edward to oversee the realm until a new king was determined. Assessing the candidates, the English monarch selected the claim of John Balliol who was crowned in November 1292. Though the matter, known as the Great Cause, had been resolved, Edward continued to exert power and influence over Scotland. Over the next five years, he effectively treated Scotland as a vassal state. As John Balliol was effectively compromised as king, control of most state affairs passed to 12-man council in July 1295. That same year, Edward demanded that Scottish nobles provide military service and support for his war against France. Refusing, the council instead concluded the Treaty of Paris which aligned Scotland with France and commenced the Auld Alliance. Responding to this and a failed Scottish attack on Carlisle, Edward marched north and sacked Berwick-upon-Tweed in March 1296. Continuing on, English forces routed Balliol and the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar the following month. By July, Balliol had been captured and forced to abdicate and the majority of Scotland had been subjugated. In the wake of the English victory, a resistance to Edwards rule began which saw small bands of Scots led by individuals such as William Wallace and Andrew de Moray commence raiding the enemys supply lines. Having success, they soon gained support from Scottish nobility and with growing forces liberated much of the country north of the Firth of Forth. Concerned about the growing rebellion in Scotland, the Earl of Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham moved north to put down the revolt. Given the success at Dunbar the previous year, English confidence was high and Surrey expected a short campaign. Opposing the English was a new Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray. More disciplined than their predecessors, this force had been operating in two wings and united to meet the new threat. Arriving in the Ochil Hills overlooking the River Forth near Stirling, the two commanders awaited the English army. The English Plan As the English approached from the south, Sir Richard Lundie, a former Scottish knight, informed Surrey about a local ford that would allow sixty horsemen to cross the river at once. After conveying this information, Lundie asked permission to take a force across the ford to flank the Scottish position. Though this request was considered by Surrey, Cressingham managed to convince him to attack directly across the bridge. As Edward Is treasurer in Scotland, Cressingham wished to avoid the expense of prolonging the campaign and sought avoid any actions that would cause a delay. The Scots Victorious On September 11, 1297, Surreys English and Welsh archers crossed the narrow bridge but were recalled as the earl had overslept. Later in the day, Surreys infantry and cavalry began crossing the bridge. Watching this, Wallace and Moray restrained their troops until a sizable, but beatable, English force had reached the north shore. When approximately 5,400 had crossed the bridge, the Scots attacked and swiftly encircled the English, gaining control of the north end of the bridge. Among those who were trapped on the north shore was Cressingham who was killed and butchered by the Scottish troops. Unable to send sizable reinforcements across the narrow bridge, Surrey was forced to watch his entire vanguard be destroyed by Wallace and Morays men. One English knight, Sir Marmaduke Tweng, managed to fight his way back across the bridge to the English lines. Others discarded their armor and attempted to swim back across the River Forth. Despite still having a strong force, Surreys confidence was destroyed and he ordered the bridge destroyed before retreating south to Berwick. Seeing Wallaces victory, the Earl of Lennox and James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, who been supporting the English, withdrew with their men and joined the Scottish ranks. As Surrey pulled back, Stewart successfully attacked the English supply train, hastening their retreat. By departing the area, Surrey abandoned the English garrison at Stirling Castle, which eventually surrendered to the Scots. Aftermath Impact Scottish casualties at the Battle of Stirling Bridge were not recorded, however they are believed to have been relatively light. The only known casualty of the battle was Andrew de Moray who was injured and subsequently died of his wounds. The English lost approximately 6,000 killed and wounded. The victory at Stirling Bridge led to the ascent of William Wallace and he was named Guardian of Scotland the following March. His power was short-lived, as he was defeated by a King Edward I and a larger English army in 1298, at the Battle of Falkirk.